1. Modelling
2. Define and assign(material(E),
section(I), support)
3. Analysis (stability, definitation,
time period, stress/forces, Reaction)
4. Deisgn(Manually or automatically)
5. Report
6. Detailing (working drawing)
Download link at bottom
1. Modelling
What to model?
Structural
component (beam, column slab, staircase etc.)
Represented by what?
Structural object
(joint, linear, Area)
a. joint object
Dimension,
position only, ends of linear or area object (by default)
Significance
of joint: Connection or support is defined
Analysis
result: deflection at connection and reaction at support
b. Linear object
One
dimensional object
Length
eg.
: beam, column, braces, strut, cables, etc.
There
is joint at start (i) and end (j)
Unknown:
AF, SF, BM, Torsion, deflection
c. Area object
2D
object
eg.
Slab, wall, footing, shell, plate, etc.
at
lest 3 joints (i,j,k) at corners
co-ordinate system
Global co-ordinate system
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Origin is fixed for all members of the model
x,y,z axes
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Local co-ordinate system
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joint object
xè1
yè2
zè3
5 joint means 5 local coordinate
linear object (origin always at i)
local 1 = i to j
local 2 = towards the direction perpendicular to the axis about which
MOI of the section Is maximum, upward.
local 2 by default in column is along global
x and all other member 2 is upward such that local 3 is horizontal.
Local 3 = remaining axis
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arrow shows local 2 because of max MOI.
modeling
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loading
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analysis result
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global co- ordinate
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global and local co- ordinate
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local i.e. for force along z we look for F3.
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Internal forces at a section
major forces
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minor forces
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Axial
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p
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shear force
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v22
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v33
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bending moment
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M33(caused by V22 and in
perpendicular direction of V22)
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M22 (caused by V33 perpendicular
direction of V33)
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Torsion
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T
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M33(perpendicular to V22 in direction of 3)
x :A B C
Y = 1 2 3
A
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B
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C
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D
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E
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F
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||||
ORDINATE
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0
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14
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29
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42’
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57’
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SPACING
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14’
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13
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13
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15
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0
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SPACING : Immediate right distance.
For A, it is distance between A and B but ordinate means origin is fixed at one
point and distances are measured from the origin.
right click : breaks continuity when
in draw mode.
For quick draw : click in member i.e.
on grid line not on joint and drag for quick selection.
spectacle symbol (perspective
toggle)
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make 3D in both window. In one
window rotate the view to look bldg
from top then click on spectacle symbol to get perspective view then quick
draw on all grid. To get another plane rotate using arrow key.
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Defining material
M20 in beam and M25 in column
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define>material>Add new
material>select region, grade,matrial
for reinforcement use rebar as
material
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Defining section
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define>frame section>select
material and section and click ok>add new property.
(for beam go to concrete
reinforcement and select beam because column is default)
also change the clear cover of beam
to 25mm both top and bottom
in beam rebar is not seen.
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assigning section to members
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1. select
select>select>select line parallel to
>zaxis
assign>clear display assign
beam parallel to x and y
or : get previous selection then
ctrl+K to invert selection i.e. : select>invert selection
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display option (ctrl+W)
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general option tab>view
tab>extrude>
if thickness
is more then modeling or unit is mistake.
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steel : rolled section like pipe,
I-section
Rebar : used in building as
reinforcement.
Replicate (ctrl + R) or
edit>replicate
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select member to be replicated then
press ctrl+R
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divide frame(draw a continuous line
between to points on grid having other intermediate point and use divide
frame to break it )
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select member>edit>edit
lines>type no. of members in which the continuous line is to be broken.
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IMPORTING
STANDARD SECTION
bottom cord : bottom member of truss
top cord : top member
bottom girder (BG)
example :
BC: ISHB450; TC: ISMB250; BG: ISWB600;VM: ISLC350;DM: ISMC250;TR: ISA 100 100 8
DEFINE>group
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write name of group(say BC), click
ok
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assign>add to group
(ctrl+shift+g)
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assign the name of group by
selecting the group
e.g. if vertical members are a group
then select all the members parallel to z-axis and then assign the name.
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select>select>select lines
parallel to >click straight line object
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click on the line and then all the
lines parallel to the clicked line will be selected.
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select>select>groups (ctrl+G)
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to select group
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display options (ctrl + w)>
general tab>view colors
of >check on selected group>click
on select group button>press apply
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colors of group appears i.e. members
appear in their respective group color.
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define>frame section>import
new property>
C:>program files>computer and
structure>sap2000 18>indian.pro file
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to select standard section
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support is placed to separate two or more
structure like ground and superstructure
Restrain one or more DOF’s
Monolithic(made up of one material like concrete
not masonry) is always fixed support (continuous support)
Rollar : one material rests upon another
pinned : riveted, welded like that of truss which
is done by third party and the joint efficiency is not 100%
select joint
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assign>joint>restriant
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select in which direction to restraint
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assign>joint>local axis…
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inclined support, rotate local axis of joint
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ctrl+w
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check the box of local axis for frame/joint
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Local axis : Red = local 1;
green = local 2; blue
= local 3
Rollar
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Θ2 ≠zero, u1 ≠ zero=> release
U3=0 => restraint
i.e. Reaction
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Hinge
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Θ2 ≠ 0 => release
U1=0, u3 = 0 =>
restraint (Reaction)
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Fixed
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Θ2 = 0,u1=0,u3=0 =>
restraint (reaction)
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LOAD
Load pattern
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It is category of load e.g. DL, LL, EL, WL, etc
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Load case
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Type of analysis
Linear non-linear
Static dynamic
Linear analysis : stiffness is constant
If external condition is considered for stiffness
then it is non-linear analysis e.g. if d1,d2,d3 are deflection in beam in
case of no t ot c, t,c then d3>d1>d2.
Dynamic : due to dynamic load (time dependent load
i.e. load changes in short duration)
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Loading
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Point load, frame load
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Load combination
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Combination of load i.e. DL+LL+EL, etc.
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All load pattern are load case by default but all
load case is not load pattern.
Self-weight multiplier : if
it is set to 1 then SAP takes the self-weight of structrue automatically.
How to apply load
Define>load pattern
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Define load pattern like LL,EQ,WL, etc. and click
ok
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Assign>joint load>forces
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To assign joint load by selecting the type of load
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Assign>frame load>point load
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Absolute distance or relative is measured from
joint i (joint i is the beginning joint while drawing member)
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Move the model
Select the model>edit>move>enter delta
x,y,z
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The model shifts by the delta values
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ANALYSIS
Analysis>set analysis option>plane
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Analysis>run analysis
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Model is used to know time period
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Neglecting self weight of
member
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Define>section properties>frame
section>select the section>click on set modifiers>set the zero value
for which is not to be considered
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Right click on the member when there is AF,SF or BM diagram
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To see the detail of SF,AF,BM,deflection
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Load combination
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Define>load combination>add new combo
Write name of combo, put multiplier in each
load case and click add after putting multiplier for each load case
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Sap convention of shear force is : upward =
negative from left
Q. cantilever 2m; 7KN/m at fixed 0 at free=LL; 5KN/m UDL=LL;15KN at
free=DL;for 1.5(DL+LL),del max>=2mm; M20=RS.16000,12’*9’;M25=18000
m3,10’x9’
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AREA LOAD
Uniform-only method for area analysis
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Total weight of the element is transferred equally to the confining
joints
Advantage
Area analysis is possible if converted
into finite elements
Disadvantage
Load not applied to beam even if
converted into finite elements because beam loading becomes point loading
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Uniform to frame
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Total load applied to the area is
transferred to the confining frame by yield line theory
Advantages
Beam/frame can be loaded automatically
with actual loading
Disadvantage
Area analysis is not possible but
representing area load is possible
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Shell
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Takes load of both in-plane and out-plane
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Membrane
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Takes load in-plane only
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plate
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Takes load out-plane only like that of
masonry wall
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Define>area section>add new section>select shell-thin
type>enter same thickness for membrane and bending
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Defining area for slab
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Draw>poly area
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Click n times for n polygon
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Draw>quick draw
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Click in the space of rectangular gird
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Draw>rectangle
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Click at one diagonal corner and drag to
other diagonal
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Select area>assign>area>automatic area mesh
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To mesh area i.e. divide area into small
parts
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Building
1.Design slab manually
2.design staricase manually
3. Model
4. Define section/support condition
Beam/column
è trial section
Slab
è designed section
5. Loading
Auto
è self-weight
Manually
è DL (slab wt./FF/Staricase)
LLèslab, staircase
6. Seismic load
Automatic
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Sap caluclates automatically
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Manually
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Load is calculated and assigned manually
by user
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7. Result è analysis
8. Design (automatically, manually)
9. Footing (manually)
-For
sap use SAFE to design footing
TO DO : 1. Complete model 2. Slab design (Critical slab)
for inclined grid
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Make rectangular grid>right click on
grid>edit grid data>check on (tick on/select) convert to general grid
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Editing inclined grid data
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Right click>edit grid data> select
the grid to be edited>click on button ‘modify/show grid lines…’>enter
the coordinates of two ends of the line (x1,y1) at one end and (x2,y2) at
other.
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Convention
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Area : draw anit-clock wise
Quick draw follow anit-clockwise rule
Frame : draw towards positive
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Once mass and weight is neglected or set
to zero of slab then while assigning DL for slab its dead load is not
considered but under the same load pattern DL of beam and column is
considered.
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DL
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Slab
Wall
Staircase
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LL
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Slab
Staircase=3 KN/m2
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Parapet
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1.5 KN/m at perimeter of roof beam
No load at internal beam of roof
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Edit>show selection only
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To show selected only
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Residential_bldg file of sap2000
Building Loads
3 storied of 9 feet
height each
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Slab : dl = 4.425 KN/m2 and LL = 3 KN/m2
Perimeter beam : DL = wall load = 7KN/m
Internal beam : DL = wall load = 3.5
KN/m2
Perimeter beam of roof:DL=parapet
wall=1.5KN/m
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Beam
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Material = M20
section = 9”x12”
Name = b M20 9x12
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Column
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Material = M25
Section = 12”x12”
Name = c M25 12x12
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Slab
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Material = M20
Section = 125mm thick
Name = slab M20 125mm
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Applying EQ load manually
Define Rigid floor diaphragm
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Assign>joint>constraint>diaphragm>add
new constraint>select z-axis>check on the last opt of assigning
diaphragm to each z-level
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Define EQx and EQy load pattern
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Self-multiplier =0; type = quake; use
user loads
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Modify lateral load pattern
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Click on Modify lateral load pattern of
load pattern; click on apply to center of mass> apply the load> eqx è Fx and eqy è
Fy
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Auto seismic load
1.rigid floor diaphragm
2. define mass source
3. define EQx and EQy
4. Modify lateral load
Vb= Ah x summation Wi
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Ah from seismic parameter
Sum Wi from mass source
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Define mass source
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Define>mass source>modify>uncheck
“Element self and additional mass” >check on specified load pattern then
add DL multiplier =1 and LL =0.25 or 0.5
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Define EQx and EQy
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Define load pattern selecting the IS 1893
2002 code
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Modify lateral load
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Put z, I, R and soil type from code
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To check before design
Time period
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Display>show tables>structural
output>modal>modal frequencies
For storey upto 20, Time period = 0.05 to
2 sec
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Deflection
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Display>display show deformed
shape>user defined>scaling =1; if un-noticable deformation is observed
then modelling and analysis is ok.
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Base shear
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Display>show table>structural
output>base reaction> compare the result with that of the calculated.
If it matches then modelling and analysis is done correctly.
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Auto combination
Defining auto combination
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Design>concrete frame design>view
revise preference>design code>IS 456>ok
Define>load combination>add default
combination
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To design
Column : Pmax, M2(minor) ,max M3(major)
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Right click on column then find the
maximum values for different load
combination and design accordingly
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Beam : Max M3 (major) and corresponding
shear force (V3) (major)
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Right click on beam then find the
maximum values for different load
combination and design accordingly (for beam only maximum moment is
found)
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Designing the structure
Design>concrete frame design>view
preferences >select IS 456: 2000
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To select the code for design
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Design>concrete frame design>select
design combo…>combinations are seen on the list box>uncheck the
automatically generated code-base design combinations
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To select the design combination
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Design>concrete frame design>select
design combo…>start design/check of structure…
(to design the structure. After this step
structure appears in color code)
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Design>concrete frame design>select
design combo…>display design info>summary
(to see the detail design according to
code stepwise)
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Interpreting design data : Color code
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Demand capacity ratio =
actual stress/permissible stress
if actual is 120 and to be resisted is 100
then ratio =120/100=1.2 è > 1 so failed
red-failed
section
orange-optimized
section
yellow
green
blue
Grey
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BEAM
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Rebar area above beam represents the bars
to be provided on upper part of beam (i.e. tension side) and below represents
bars at bottom (compression side)
Rebar area at end represents area of bar
at end and area at mid represents the bar area to be provided at mid-span of
beam.
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Display>show table>select the table
to be
displayed>file>export>to excel or file>export all table>to
excel
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To export table to excel
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Design>design concrete frame design> display design info…>select
shear reinforcing in design output
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To see the shear reinforcing on beam and column
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Envelop case : take max M22, Max M33, P
(may be of different combination)
Don’t use envelop to design through
sap2000. DON’T USE ENVELOPE TO DESIGN COLUMN.
While designing, there may be (O/S) near the
steel percentage on the members with red color in shear reinforcement of beam,
which indicates that the member has failed. O/S indicates overstressed. So,
either section of member should be increased or the load on the member should
be reduced.
In column
design:
N/A:
Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not
Needed
B/C (Beam column capacity) or Joint shear may
show N/A because any rule or rules to find B/C or joint shear, given below, may
not have been satisfied.
Rules: Beam-column capacity ratio is only
determined for a station
a) if the station has a beam-column joint (top
of the column),
b) if the frame is a ductile moment resisting
frame,
c) if the column above is a concrete column
when it exists,
d) if all the beams framing into the column are
concrete beams,
e) if the connecting member design results are
available, and
f) if the load combo involves seismic load.
Defining envelop
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Define>Load combination…>add new
combo>enter the name of combination “envelop”>choose “envelop” in “load
combination type”>add all the combinations (14 combination automatically
generated) with scale factor = 1.
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BM,SF for envelop
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Display>show forces/stess>frame/cable/tendons >choose envelop
in case/combo name>select M33 or V22 or other required > click ok>
right click on the member to see the max/min BM,SF,P, etc. at each point
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Cardinal points or insertion point
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Decides from which point to insert the
section
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Steps for insertion point
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Assign>frame section>insertion
point
Choose Top (centre)>input the distance
the top centre needs to be moved (input the same value in I and j ends of
local 2 (if movement of beam is in z-axis)
Offset is used to further move the
section
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To be
assigned in the truss : DL=LL=8 KN/m2 ,Temp = 40 degree Celsius
IS800
is the steel code to be used.
Dummy beam : beam of dummy section. To make
dummy beam create a beam section and set all the values in the “Set modifiers”
to zero.
Auto section
Import the desired section
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Define>frame section>import new
property>add all I section, C section and Angle section or other section
as required
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Define>section properties>frame
section>add new property>click on “auto select list” template>enter
auto section name like “ISMB”>add all the ISMB to auto selection by
selecting all ISMB from “List of selection” and clicking on “add->” >
click ok>select the required sections>assign the respective auto
section
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Selecting auto sections and assigning
those sections to the respective members
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Design check
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Design>steel frame design>view
preference IS 800
>start design
>verify design vs analysis
Unlock the model and analyze again then
design then verify.
Do this until a message box pops up
saying design and analysis matched
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Add new section (not standard) : It is
efficient section and will never be displaced so no need to apply batten in sap.
User defined section
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Define>section properties>frame section>add new
property>select “other” in frame section property type>click on section
designer>enter section name>select material “A992Fy50”>click on
general steel section>click on section designer
A new window appears
Click on “I” toolbar>click on “C” to
insert C-section>click on the origin> C-section is inserted
To draw another C-section
Select the C-section>go to menu
“edit”>replicate>mirror tab>click on “general”>enter the value of
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)>click on ok>another C-section is draw which is the
mirror image of the original.
Mirror image is drawn about a line
joining the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). This line should be such that it should be at mid of
both section.
New section is created and now this can
be assigned to the required members.
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