Wednesday, February 21, 2018

SAP2000 Tutorial

1. Modelling
2. Define and assign(material(E), section(I), support)
3. Analysis (stability, definitation, time period, stress/forces, Reaction)
4. Deisgn(Manually or automatically)
5. Report
6. Detailing (working drawing)


Download link at bottom


1. Modelling
What to model?
                Structural component (beam, column slab, staircase etc.)
Represented by what?
                Structural object (joint, linear, Area)
                a. joint object
                                Dimension, position only, ends of linear or area object (by default)
                                Significance of joint: Connection or support is defined
                                Analysis result: deflection at connection and reaction at support
                b. Linear object
                                One dimensional object
                                Length
                                eg. : beam, column, braces, strut, cables, etc.
                                There is joint at start (i) and end (j)
                                Unknown: AF, SF, BM, Torsion, deflection            
                c. Area object
                                2D object
                                eg. Slab, wall, footing, shell, plate, etc.
                                at lest 3 joints (i,j,k) at corners
where?                                                    Z              Y          
                co-ordinate system
                                                                                                       X
Global co-ordinate system
Origin is fixed for all members of the model
x,y,z axes
Local co-ordinate system
joint object
xè1
yè2
zè3
5 joint means 5 local coordinate
linear object (origin always at i)
local 1 = i to j
local 2 = towards the direction perpendicular to the axis about which MOI of the section Is maximum, upward.
local 2 by default in column is along global x and all other member 2 is upward such that local 3 is horizontal.
Local 3 = remaining axis


                arrow shows local 2 because of max MOI.
                                               


modeling
loading
analysis result
global co- ordinate
global and local co- ordinate
local  i.e. for force along z we look for F3.

Internal forces at a section

major forces
minor forces
Axial
p

shear force
v22
v33
bending moment
M33(caused by V22 and in perpendicular direction of V22)
M22 (caused by V33 perpendicular direction of V33)
Torsion

T
                                 
   M33(perpendicular to V22 in direction of 3)                                                                                         
                                                    
                 
 Unequal spacing : right clk in grid : edit(modify)
x :A B C
Y = 1 2 3

A
B
C
D
E
F



ORDINATE
0
14
29
42’
57’




SPACING
14’
13
13
15
0





SPACING : Immediate right distance. For A, it is distance between A and B but ordinate means origin is fixed at one point and distances are measured from the origin.

right click : breaks continuity when in  draw mode.
For quick draw : click in member i.e. on grid line not on joint and drag for quick selection.
spectacle symbol (perspective toggle)
make 3D in both window. In one window rotate the view  to look bldg from top then click on spectacle symbol to get perspective view then quick draw on all grid. To get another plane rotate using arrow key.

Defining material
M20 in beam and M25 in column
define>material>Add new material>select region, grade,matrial
for reinforcement use rebar as material
Defining section
define>frame section>select material and section and click ok>add new property.
(for beam go to concrete reinforcement and select beam because column is default)
also change the clear cover of beam to 25mm both top and bottom
in beam rebar is not seen.
assigning section to members
1. select
 select>select>select line parallel to >zaxis
assign>clear display assign
beam parallel to x and y
or : get previous selection then ctrl+K to invert selection i.e. : select>invert selection
display option (ctrl+W)
general option tab>view tab>extrude>
if thickness is more then modeling or unit is mistake.
steel : rolled section like pipe, I-section
Rebar : used in building as reinforcement.
Replicate (ctrl + R) or edit>replicate
select member to be replicated then press ctrl+R
divide frame(draw a continuous line between to points on grid having other intermediate point and use divide frame to break it )

select member>edit>edit lines>type no. of members in which the continuous line is to be broken.
IMPORTING STANDARD SECTION
bottom cord : bottom member of truss
top cord : top member
bottom girder (BG)
example : BC: ISHB450; TC: ISMB250; BG: ISWB600;VM: ISLC350;DM: ISMC250;TR: ISA 100 100 8
DEFINE>group
write name of group(say BC), click ok
assign>add to group (ctrl+shift+g)
assign the name of group by selecting the group
e.g. if vertical members are a group then select all the members parallel to z-axis and then assign the name.
select>select>select lines parallel to >click straight line object
click on the line and then all the lines parallel to the clicked line will be selected.
select>select>groups (ctrl+G)
to select group
display options (ctrl + w)> general tab>view colors
of >check on selected group>click on select group button>press apply
colors of group appears i.e. members appear in their respective group color.
define>frame section>import new property>
C:>program files>computer and structure>sap2000 18>indian.pro file
to select standard section

                                 

support is placed to separate two or more structure like ground and superstructure
Restrain one or more DOF’s
Monolithic(made up of one material like concrete not masonry) is always fixed support (continuous support)
Rollar : one material rests upon another
pinned : riveted, welded like that of truss which is done by third party and the joint efficiency is not 100%
select joint

assign>joint>restriant
select in which direction to restraint
assign>joint>local axis…
inclined support, rotate local axis of joint
ctrl+w
check the box of local axis for frame/joint
Local axis : Red = local 1; green = local 2; blue = local 3
Rollar

Θ2 zero, u1 zero=> release
U3=0 => restraint i.e. Reaction
Hinge
Θ2 0 => release
U1=0, u3 = 0 => restraint (Reaction)
Fixed
Θ2 = 0,u1=0,u3=0 => restraint (reaction)


LOAD
Load pattern
It is category of load e.g. DL, LL, EL, WL, etc
Load case
Type of analysis
Linear                           non-linear
Static                            dynamic
Linear analysis : stiffness is constant
If external condition is considered for stiffness then it is non-linear analysis e.g. if d1,d2,d3 are deflection in beam in case of no t ot c, t,c then d3>d1>d2.
Dynamic : due to dynamic load (time dependent load i.e. load changes in short duration)
Loading
Point load, frame load
Load combination
Combination of load i.e. DL+LL+EL, etc.
All load pattern are load case by default but all load case is not load pattern.
Self-weight multiplier : if it is set to 1 then SAP takes the self-weight of structrue automatically.
How to apply load
Define>load pattern
Define load pattern like LL,EQ,WL, etc. and click ok
Assign>joint load>forces
To assign joint load by selecting the type of load
Assign>frame load>point load
Absolute distance or relative is measured from joint i (joint i is the beginning joint while drawing member)
Move the model
Select the model>edit>move>enter delta x,y,z
The model shifts by the delta values




ANALYSIS
Analysis>set analysis option>plane

Analysis>run analysis
Model is used to know time period
Neglecting self weight of  member
Define>section properties>frame section>select the section>click on set modifiers>set the zero value for which is not to be considered
Right click on the member when there is AF,SF or BM diagram
To see the detail of SF,AF,BM,deflection
Load combination
Define>load combination>add new combo
Write name of combo, put multiplier in each load case and click add after putting multiplier for each load case
Sap convention of shear force is : upward = negative from left
Q. cantilever 2m; 7KN/m at fixed 0 at free=LL; 5KN/m UDL=LL;15KN at free=DL;for 1.5(DL+LL),del max>=2mm; M20=RS.16000,12’*9’;M25=18000 m3,10’x9’

AREA LOAD
Uniform-only method for area analysis
Total weight of the element is transferred equally to the confining joints
Advantage
Area analysis is possible if converted into finite elements
Disadvantage
Load not applied to beam even if converted into finite elements because beam loading becomes point loading
Uniform to frame
Total load applied to the area is transferred to the confining frame by yield line theory
Advantages
Beam/frame can be loaded automatically with actual loading
Disadvantage
Area analysis is not possible but representing area load is possible
Shell
Takes load of both in-plane and out-plane
Membrane
Takes load in-plane only
plate
Takes load out-plane only like that of masonry wall

Define>area section>add new section>select shell-thin type>enter same thickness for membrane and bending
Defining area for slab
Draw>poly area
Click n times for n polygon
Draw>quick draw
Click in the space of rectangular gird
Draw>rectangle
Click at one diagonal corner and drag to other diagonal
Select area>assign>area>automatic area mesh

To mesh area i.e. divide area into small parts



Building
1.Design slab manually
2.design staricase manually
3. Model
4. Define section/support condition
                Beam/column è trial section
                Slab è designed section
5. Loading
                Auto è self-weight
                Manually è DL (slab wt./FF/Staricase)
                                         LLèslab, staircase
6. Seismic load
Automatic
Sap caluclates automatically
Manually
Load is calculated and assigned manually by user
7. Result è analysis
8. Design (automatically, manually)
9. Footing (manually)
                -For sap use SAFE to design footing

TO DO : 1. Complete model  2. Slab design (Critical slab)
for inclined grid
Make rectangular grid>right click on grid>edit grid data>check on (tick on/select) convert to general grid
Editing inclined grid data
Right click>edit grid data> select the grid to be edited>click on button ‘modify/show grid lines…’>enter the coordinates of two ends of the line (x1,y1) at one end and (x2,y2) at other.

Convention
Area : draw anit-clock wise
Quick draw follow anit-clockwise rule
Frame : draw towards positive
Once mass and weight is neglected or set to zero of slab then while assigning DL for slab its dead load is not considered but under the same load pattern DL of beam and column is considered.


DL
Slab
Wall
Staircase
LL
Slab
Staircase=3 KN/m2
Parapet
1.5 KN/m at perimeter of roof beam
No load at internal beam of roof

Edit>show selection only
To show selected only






Residential_bldg file of sap2000
Building Loads           
3 storied of 9 feet height each
Slab : dl = 4.425 KN/m2 and LL = 3 KN/m2
Perimeter beam : DL = wall load = 7KN/m
Internal beam : DL = wall load = 3.5 KN/m2
Perimeter beam of roof:DL=parapet wall=1.5KN/m

Beam
Material = M20 
section = 9”x12”
Name = b M20 9x12
Column
Material = M25
Section = 12”x12”
Name = c M25 12x12
Slab
Material = M20
Section = 125mm thick
Name = slab M20 125mm

Applying EQ load manually
Define Rigid floor diaphragm
Assign>joint>constraint>diaphragm>add new constraint>select z-axis>check on the last opt of assigning diaphragm to each z-level
Define EQx and EQy load pattern
Self-multiplier =0; type = quake; use user loads
Modify lateral load pattern
Click on Modify lateral load pattern of load pattern; click on apply to center of mass> apply the load> eqx è Fx and eqy è Fy


Auto seismic load
1.rigid floor diaphragm
2. define mass source
3. define EQx and EQy
4. Modify lateral load
Vb= Ah x summation Wi
Ah from seismic parameter
Sum Wi from mass source
Define mass source
Define>mass source>modify>uncheck “Element self and additional mass” >check on specified load pattern then add DL multiplier =1 and LL =0.25 or 0.5
Define EQx and EQy
Define load pattern selecting the IS 1893 2002 code
Modify lateral load
Put z, I, R and soil type from code
To check before design
Time period
Display>show tables>structural output>modal>modal frequencies
For storey upto 20, Time period = 0.05 to 2 sec
Deflection
Display>display show deformed shape>user defined>scaling =1; if un-noticable deformation is observed then modelling and analysis is ok.
Base shear
Display>show table>structural output>base reaction> compare the result with that of the calculated. If it matches then modelling and analysis is done correctly.
Auto combination
Defining auto combination
Design>concrete frame design>view revise preference>design code>IS 456>ok
Define>load combination>add default combination

To design
Column : Pmax, M2(minor) ,max M3(major)
Right click on column then find the maximum  values for different load combination and design accordingly
Beam : Max M3 (major) and corresponding shear force (V3) (major)
Right click on beam then find the maximum  values for different load combination and design accordingly (for beam only maximum moment is found)

Designing the structure
Design>concrete frame design>view preferences >select IS 456: 2000
To select the code for design
Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>combinations are seen on the list box>uncheck the automatically generated code-base design combinations
To select the design combination
Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>start design/check of structure…
(to design the structure. After this step structure appears in color code)
Design>concrete frame design>select design combo…>display design info>summary
(to see the detail design according to code stepwise)
Interpreting design data : Color code
Demand capacity ratio =
actual stress/permissible stress
if actual is 120 and to be resisted is 100 then ratio =120/100=1.2 è > 1 so failed
red-failed section
orange-optimized section
yellow
green
blue
Grey
BEAM
Rebar area above beam represents the bars to be provided on upper part of beam (i.e. tension side) and below represents bars at bottom (compression side)
Rebar area at end represents area of bar at end and area at mid represents the bar area to be provided at mid-span of beam.
Display>show table>select the table to  be displayed>file>export>to excel or file>export all table>to excel
To export table to excel
Design>design concrete frame design> display design info…>select shear reinforcing in design output
To see the shear reinforcing on beam and column

Envelop case : take max M22, Max M33, P (may be of different combination)
Don’t use envelop to design through sap2000. DON’T USE ENVELOPE TO DESIGN COLUMN.

While designing, there may be (O/S) near the steel percentage on the members with red color in shear reinforcement of beam, which indicates that the member has failed. O/S indicates overstressed. So, either section of member should be increased or the load on the member should be reduced.

  
In column design:
    N/A: Not Applicable
    N/C: Not Calculated
    N/N: Not Needed
B/C (Beam column capacity) or Joint shear may show N/A because any rule or rules to find B/C or joint shear, given below, may not have been satisfied.

Rules: Beam-column capacity ratio is only determined for a station
a) if the station has a beam-column joint (top of the column),
b) if the frame is a ductile moment resisting frame,
c) if the column above is a concrete column when it exists,
d) if all the beams framing into the column are concrete beams,
e) if the connecting member design results are available, and
f) if the load combo involves seismic load.

Defining envelop
Define>Load combination…>add new combo>enter the name of combination “envelop”>choose “envelop” in “load combination type”>add all the combinations (14 combination automatically generated) with scale factor = 1.
BM,SF for envelop
Display>show forces/stess>frame/cable/tendons >choose envelop in case/combo name>select M33 or V22 or other required > click ok> right click on the member to see the max/min BM,SF,P, etc. at each point


Cardinal points or insertion point
Decides from which point to insert the section
Steps for insertion point
Assign>frame section>insertion point
Choose Top (centre)>input the distance the top centre needs to be moved (input the same value in I and j ends of local 2 (if movement of beam is in z-axis)
Offset is used to further move the section
To be assigned in the truss : DL=LL=8 KN/m2 ,Temp = 40 degree Celsius
IS800 is the steel code to be used.
Dummy beam : beam of dummy section. To make dummy beam create a beam section and set all the values in the “Set modifiers” to zero.


Auto section
Import the desired section

Define>frame section>import new property>add all I section, C section and Angle section or other section as required
Define>section properties>frame section>add new property>click on “auto select list” template>enter auto section name like “ISMB”>add all the ISMB to auto selection by selecting all ISMB from “List of selection” and clicking on “add->” > click ok>select the required sections>assign the respective auto section
Selecting auto sections and assigning those sections to the respective members
Design check
Design>steel frame design>view preference IS 800
>start design
>verify design vs analysis
Unlock the model and analyze again then design then verify.
Do this until a message box pops up saying design and analysis matched





Add new section (not standard) : It is efficient section and will never be displaced so no need to apply  batten in sap.
User defined section
Define>section properties>frame section>add new property>select “other” in frame section property type>click on section designer>enter section name>select material “A992Fy50”>click on general steel section>click on section designer
A new window appears
Click on “I” toolbar>click on “C” to insert C-section>click on the origin> C-section is inserted
To draw another C-section
Select the C-section>go to menu “edit”>replicate>mirror tab>click on “general”>enter the value of (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)>click on ok>another C-section is draw which is the mirror image of the original.
Mirror image is drawn about a line joining the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). This line should be such that it should be at mid of both section.
New section is created and now this can be assigned to the required members.


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